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Oleander leaf scorch4/15/2023 CVC vectors in Brazil are Acrogonia terminalis, that lays eggs externally on leaves, Dilobopterus costalimai and Oncometopia fascialis. insolita (PPD), Oncometopia nigricans, O. versuta (PPD) Hordnia circellata, most efficient Homalodisca vitripennis H. In North America main vectors (for PD unless indicated) are Cuerna costalis (PPD), Draculacephala minerva (green sharpshooter) important also in ALS in California Graphocephala atropunctata (blue-green sharpshooter), most important before the introduction of the glassy winged sharpshooter G. The pathogen shows persistence in the vector adults, and ability to multiply in the foregut. Vectors are mainly sharpshooters and froghoppers or spittlebugs (Cicadellidae) that lack a latent period, and have no transstadial or transovarial transmission of the bacterium. tashke, strains from the ornamental tree Chitalpa tashkentensis. sandyi, strains from Nerium oleander (OLS) (v) X. pauca, CVC, strains from citrus and probably those from coffee (CLC) (iv) X. multiplex, PPD, PLS, strains from peach, elm, plum, pigeon grape, sycamore and almond (iii) X. piercei), PD and LSA, strains from cultivated grape, alfalfa, almond, and maple (ii) X. The following subspecies have been described: (i) Xylella fastidiosa subsp. Several pathogenic varieties of the bacterium have been described, that are often host-specific (e.g., the PD strain will not cause disease if introduced to peach or plum). oak leaf scorch in eastern North America up to Canada. All these diseases are not seed-borne and occur mainly in tropical/subtropical areas, although leaf scorch diseases also occur in much colder climate, e.g. Many wild plants may carry the pathogen with, but more often without showing symptoms, such as grasses, sedges and trees. It infects also Medicago sativa (alfalfa dwarf) and Vinca major (wilting symptoms). (including almond leaf scorch or ALS in Prunus amygdalus and plum leaf scald or PLS in Prunus domestica), Acer spp., Carya illinoinensis (pecan), Coffea arabica (CLC, in Brazil isolated in 1995 and also pathogenic to Citrus), Hedera helix, Morus rubra, Nerium oleander (OLS), Platanus occidentalis, Quercus spp., and Ulmus americana. Moreover, it was found that the bacterium also causes a number of so-called leaf scorch diseases in Prunus spp. The bacterium Xylella fastidiosa, a xylem-inhabiting, vector-transmitted, Gram-negative, very slow growing bacterium, was cultured and properly described for the first time in 1987 in the USA as the cause of Pierce's disease (PD) of grapevine, Vitis vinifera (disease observed already in 1884) and as the cause of phony peach disease (PPD) in peach, Prunus persica (disease observed in 1890 in the USA) and in 1993 in Brazil as the cause of citrus variegated chlorosis (CVC) or citrus X disease.
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